Cities at the Forefront: Shaping Low-carbon Futures in India

Abstract

: India's cities are at the centre of the global climate and energy transition. They remain deeply dependent on fossil fuels as hubs of high consumption and emissions, yet simultaneously drive economic growth, industry, and employment. As India pursues its Net Zero commitments, the way its cities restructure energy use will shape national and global low-carbon trajectories. In this context, using examples from several large and medium-sized cities, this paper explores how cities of different sizes in India are creating different clean energy pathways and examines the political economy of the energy transition in cities. The article discusses the multifaceted nature of the transition, emphasizing the difficulties associated with evolving energy systems within urban environments. The paper also reflects on the issues and challenges, and discusses the adoption and participation of different sections of city dwellers in this transition.

Received: 2^nd July 2025; Revised: 10^th September 2025; Accepted: 20^th October 2025